Wrapping Your Head Around the National Debt, Deficits, Surpluses, and the Debt Ceiling

The following is not a perfect explanation of the concepts of our national debt, deficits, surpluses, and the debt ceiling. But hopefully my readers will find it helpful in understanding what these terms mean and how they differ from one another.

Lets say we start a country and we have zero debt. In the first year, we collect $10,000 in taxes and spend $10,000. So we had no deficit, because all the bills were covered. We had nothing left over, so no surplus either. And we did not borrow any money, so no debt.

Year 2, we still collect $10,000 in taxes on $10,000 in expenses but we also decide to light a new national Christmas tree. This will cost $300 extra for tree, lights and electricity. We print 10 pieces of paper with the words "IOU $30.00" printed on them and tell people we will pay back $30 plus some interest on them in 5 years. 10 people buy our bonds, so we now have the $300 to cover the Christmas tree. Result: no deficit, no surplus, but now we have a $330 debt (including a flat 10% interest rate on the $300).

In year 3, we will need to set aside a little more than $10,000 (around $66 more) to make sure we will have the $330 ready to pay back the people who bought our bonds when they come due. However, if we still only bring in $10,000 in taxes, we will incur a $66 deficit for the year. The way we cover that is to print more IOUs and sell them so the money is set aside and our creditors believe we are taking our responsibilities seriously. So we see that the deficit incurred this year causes the debt to grow.

Skip ahead 230 years... We now have a military, a department of social services, tons of federal employees in each, etc, etc. All of these programs were approved over time by the people's representatives -- including the financing schemes to pay for them over time with future tax receipts. The amount of all the bonds we've permitted ourselves to print and sell (to cover our past and future spending commitments above the taxes that have come in) is our "debt ceiling".

Let's say the total amount we've agreed to pay above all of the combined tax income so far is now $17 Trillion. That's the debt. If, in this year, we incur more expenses (including payments on the debt) than we bring in from taxes, we have a deficit for the year. If we had a deficit last year and we have a deficit this year, but the amount we went "over" this year is half of what we went over last year, we have cut our deficit in half. If we bring in more tax revenues this year than this year's expenses, it is a surplus - but that doesn't help us pay down the debt unless we agree to apply some or all of this year's surplus toward paying off the total debt.